Exploiting New Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Exploiting New Ideas - Essay Example The working environment calls for the human resource department to talk of work in terms of output. The concentration of their workload is always the prime key for survival and going to upper management level or having a merit increase or vying for promotions. A big part of the big company's strategy to lessen work loads for a facilitated paper flow is the common centralization strategy. Looking into every inch of centralization is the limitation given to a certain employee to work on a particular project or subject or production phase only. It does not warrant the assumption of skill development through wide exposure of the company's different departments. Thus, the function of work is limited only to the job on hand. However, there are supervisors who constantly boost the morale of their employees and are very supportive with their endeavors to improve work efficiency. Still, procedures are being followed. In big corporations, work functions and loads are being followed literally. Example if you are in a marketing department, your concern is only with marketing. If there are any matters that relates to product innovations or improvements, it lies still in the department. They tend to wait for other people to look into the matter and giv e the feedback to quality or product control. The thing is, they really won't mind whether they get to view some changes. Their main concern is only how to market the product and how to properly draw their strategy to the segmented market. Somehow big corporations overlook expressions of inventiveness of their employees and come to refer those things only with systems and procedures or with research and development department. The act of transparency and information sharing is limited and is not so effective. Almost always, matters are often marked as classified or top secret like a government handy work. What is there to think of when the moment you begin to access data it is always looking for higher level authority access or it is always being pinned down to no access or access denied paraphrase. I am not talking about making confidentiality a common book for reading but simply stating that ideas are being maneuvered into a firewall if we talk in terms of computer. One just cannot read and one just doesn't have the freedom to generate new systems or generate new ideas. That is the humor of the complexities of the structure of big corporations it just can't get its grasp on the simplicity of small fundamentals and ba sics of business life. Delving into patent applications, small business market trend and procedures and looking into individual creativity, a lot of product or services is a by-product of our imaginations and dreams to make something out of life and out of what we want to do. Mostly, inventions came from the necessity to make our work more efficient and speed performance either in us being the worker and the performer or the materials itself that was used or in the systems and procedures that the company has sustained its operations. Employees in small businesses might not be as systematic as in structured big corporations but they are prone to developing their

Cognitive psychology Essay Example for Free

Cognitive psychology Essay Cognitive psychology focuses on how a person interprets a picture or message. For example, a double figure drawing such as the top down example below is one part of the cognitive thinking process. Another mental exercise is the bottom-up perception of drawings and messages.   Often times, the judge in court cases would ask the professional interpretation of the psychologist to help mitigate or aggravate the current sentence of a criminal offender. The following paragraphs explain in detail what cognitive psychology means. 1. what advice would you give a judge to persuade her or him of the potential danger of wrongful conviction based on eyewitness testimony as the sole or primary kind of evidence? Support your claim using cognitive psychology research. The judge should not base his sentencing only on the sole eyewitness’ statement. For, the judgment should be mitigated or aggravated by the professional opinion of the psychologist.  Ã‚   It is a standard procedure for the U.S. judge to ask the Forensic psychologist  Ã‚   to give a psychological profile of the defendant. The psychologist will then make a profile of the psychological well –being of the person charged in court. The psychologist then applies the theories of cognitive psychology to determine the behavior, pathology and motivation and submit his findings to the judge. The judge will then include the psychologist’s professional opinion increase the defendant’s sentence for aggravating reasons (Burke 1). On the other hand, the judge could also decrease the defendant’s sentence for mitigating reasons. And the psychologist’s findings will be used either as an aggravating or mitigating evidence.   Normally, the psychologist can draw up the behavioral tendencies of the defendant by viewing the other evidences on the crime scene, the statements of various witness, friends, neighbors and relatives and prior psychological findings.   The psychologist is very much needed in the juvenile courts because the child’s behavior is not as mature as those who are eighteen yrs old and above. Generally, the juveniles commit crimes because of their psychological growth is not normal ( or abnormal?), The psychologist can recommend to the judge to transfer the child to child rehabilitation center for psychological rehabilitation(Barsalou 5). Likewise, the psychologist can persuade the judge to lessen the sentence in adult criminal cases.   The psychologist can opine that the sexual offense was psychologically caused by the defendant’s state of mind at the time of the crime. He or she could have been abnormal then. The psychologist can recommend a plea bargaining agreement with the Judge using his psychological findings in order to reduce the sentence that has been mandated by the criminal laws of the United States( Berger 10). In addition, the psychologist can issue his opinion to the courts regarding the reliability of the lone witness’ psychological profile. For, the witness may not qualify as a lone witness if the psychologist opines that witness’ statements were hallucinations, a big lie, or simply made because of the witness had misinterpreted the situation as what is was not. The psychologist will then assess the stimuli response   makeup (cognitive psychology) of the offender. The psychologist can also assess the criminal offender’s impulse control and potential for the individual to commit crimes. Likewise, the psychologist can opine to the judge that he defendant cannot psychologically defend himself or herself in the witness stand (Gillespie , 27). This will then be a ground to decrease the sentence of the defendant upon conviction. To reiterate, the psychologist can tell the court that the defendant was psychologically abnormal when he or she committed the crime. Thus, the judge must compulsorily use the psychologist’s evaluations of the defendants and the witnesses to plug the holes in his sentencing process. Also, the sex offenders would need the psychologist’s hand to help them. The psychologist would then tell the court that the sexual offender’s sentence be reduced to being jailed at the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center.   The psychologist would go about by stating that the defendant’s psychological makeup is the main cause of his continuing spree of sexual abuse cases. 2. Describe what implicit memory is. Based on Reber (1993) how is implicit learning and memory different from explicit learning and memory. Implicit memory states that prior experiences affect the current behavior of a person even though the person does not intentionally exert a single effort to ponder over his or her prior experiences.   Likewise, repressed memories of the past are equated with implicit memory.   For example, improving ones’ job performance falls under implicit memory and learning. This is the main reason why many companies prefer to hire and give higher salaries to people who have many years of hands –on experience behind them when they apply for a job. Definitely, a carpenter that has worked in house construction for the past twenty years would definitely be more skilled than a carpenter has tucked under his belt only one week’s hands –on experience.   Whereas, explicit memory is the conscious and intentional recalling of a person’s past experiences and informational data (French 26). A very clear example is trying to remember what today’s itinerary or hectic schedule is.   It would include a ride in the park with the family, a meeting with the board of directors in the company, or a customer dropping by to purchase new products. Another is trying to recall the details asked for in the Civil war classroom test. Further, trying to recall the ATM password or the email address log –in username and password when withdrawing money from the ATM machines falls under Explicit learning and memory. In short, explicit memory and learning entails effort exertion which includes thinking about one’s past experiences.   It also includes talking about one’s past experiences and writing them done. Further, it includes studying ones’ past experiences. For, they will surely increase one’s expertise on doing a specific job assignment (Esgate 15). Reber stated that implicit learning refers to the variances in the behavior of a person that is influenced by past experiences. However, the person is not aware or exerts effort to try to recall the past experiences. Reber proved his theory through countless experiments including probability learning.   His probability experiments prove that the subjects were able to recognize or learn the variance in probabilities of recurring events without their knowing that their prior experiences in the same situation have improved their changes of choosing the next probable event. One Reber experiment shows that the subjects were placed in a training phase. The subjects were told to observe   1,000 scenes at the rate of two scenes in one second in one experiment. The findings of this experiment shows that the subjects were able to learn what the next outcome would be in increasing accuracy as the test went on (Reder, and Schunn 46). Another Reber experiment shows that a person that solves several problems of the same will increase his or her speed and accuracy in solving such problems due to experience. However, the subjects were not aware of that their prior acts had influenced their current speed and accuracy. This is very true in classroom math exercises (Reder, and Schunn 69). Reber further emphasizes that memory and learning consists of conscious (Explicit) and unconscious (Implicit) learning processes (OBrien-malone, and Maybery 38).   And, Reber insists that the questionnaire index test is an explicit learning process (OBrien-malone, and Maybery 38). 3. Define what cognitive psychology is about. Cognitive Psychology is that branch of psychology that delves into the process of how a person uses his mind to find solutions to problems, memory as well as communication. It had metamorphosed from the Gestalt school of Max Wertheirmer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka. However, it was Jean   Piaget who increased interest in Cognitive Psychology with his theory that people have different cognitive processes from infancy to old age. Naturally, he emphasized that child cognitive learning is much different from a married person’s cognitive learning. Going deeper, cognitive psychology involves how the brain solves mathematical and other real life problems. And, the cognitive scientists believe that the problem solving cognitive process boils down to the basic stimulus and response theory.   For, each stimulus gives different responses to different people (Fleck, 6). What are the main topics? History. Cognitive psychology had branched out from mainline psychology into its own specialized field in the 1950s and 1960s as discussed in Donald Broadbent’s masterpiece entitled Perception and Communication in 1958.   It focused on the processing of information with the incorporation of Donald Broadbent’s paradigm theory. Basically it was a study on how a person thinks and reasons as he tackles each problem or situation in real life or in the classroom. Broadbent emphasized that the brain is a the central processing unit of the human being.   Then, George Miller created the WordNet which is the foundation for many machine ontologies today. This was also the basis that has permeated from cognitive psychology to other fields like social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology,developmental psychology.   Currently, current cognitive theories are being attacked from many sides. One such side is the dynamic system proponents. Further, cognitive psychology has gathered the fruits of researches in artificial intelligence and other fields of expertise in the 1960s and the 1970s (Esgate 15). Major research areas.   Currently, the major research areas of cognitive psychology are general perception, psychophysics, attention, pattern recognition, object recognition and time sensation (Berger ). Cognitive psychologists.   The list of cognitive psychologists continues to grow through the years. Some of the more famous ones are Johan Anderson, Robbie Case, Lev Vygotsksy, Alan Baddeley, Frederic Barlett, Aaron T. Beck, Donald Broadbent, Reber, Jerome Bruner, Fergus, Craik, Keneth Craik, Hermann Ebbinghaus. Albert Ellis, and Jean Piaglet (Berger, 4). What are some basic assumptions? Cognitive process involves a stimulus and the corresponding response to such stimulus. Basically, cognitive theory states the problems in math and other real life situations can be easily accomplished with the use of algorithm. Algorithm is the set of rules that will give a specific solution for a set of inputs. For example, one plus one (inputs) is equal to two ( the algorithm here is to count how many ones are there). Here, the rules for cognitively solving problems are rather vague or too complex for the simple -minded person to comprehend.  Ã‚   Logically, there is another way of cognitively solving problems. This is what is called in psychology circles as heuristics. In sharp contrast, heuristics shows that the rules of solving classroom and real life problems are clearly understood but the final solution varies from one situation to another. What are some of the different methods employed by cognitive psychologists? The psychologists employ several methods to deepen their study of cognitive psychology. One such method is the scientific method. Another method is to use a person’s cognitive outfit in terms of belief, motivation and desire that are part of the mental processes. But, they always use subjects in their researches on how a person interprets a picture, a messages or other types of communication signals passing his or her way.

Strategic Marketing Plan for the Guardian Newspaper

Strategic Marketing Plan for the Guardian Newspaper 1. Introduction Unlike any national newspapers, the Guardian can divide readers’ opinions. It can provoke feelings of contempt in critics, who might think its publications of the world to be satisfied and smug. On the other hand, loyal readers claim that their favorite newspaper could have alternative, critical and argumentative viewpoints, which are unique, distinct and separate it from its rivals. Many Guardian supporters continue to believe that their morning newspapers are essential in a way that no other articles would dare to challenge. However, in a globalization environment and with a modernized technology platform, brands should beware of being beached. Marketing activities of the Guardian were mainly relied on price and supporting special editions a decade ago. ‘The papers marketing department is planning an extensive operation to generate trial of the newspaper by Guardian faithfuls to secure an extra 40,000 readers. The first redesigned issue was available for 10p to Guardian readers and use will also be made of The Guardian’s database to direct mail 80,000 of its readers.’ [1] Additionally, the strategic plans have not yet been successful for the past years. The Guardian feels that it should be the natural Sunday choice for Guardian and any other liberal left readers in the market and it is testimony to the success of the newspaper. Nevertheless, there are still grounds to make up. 2. Strategic marketing plan 2.1. Technological innovation – Diversifying its targets The Guardian has tried to reach as many domestic and international consumers as possible. Many agencies have created a brand campaign in order to reflect the multi-media presence of the Guardian. It has remained innovation to adapt to the new business environment by continuously changing. In 2006, the newspapers marketing director Marc Sands has mentioned ‘If you aggregate the changes weve made over the last two years, such as the decision to print news stories on our website before theyve appeared in the newspaper, youll see the direction were moving in.’ [2] All good media brands should measure and publish across brand perceptions rather than just the number of circulations. Likewise, the Guardian has ensured its brand to increase its market shares globally. Its sales team has been able to inform their clients that the newspaper brand could help them buy across many platforms, not just the ones who are interested in reading newspaper. It is working with the industry and looking at different brands and measurements to enhance both sellers and buyers of advertising to have different platforms for different kinds of currency. ‘The newspapers branding has been attached to numerous technological advances in delivering content across a range of platforms. These includes the groups blog site Comment is Free already one of the worlds top 100 blogs according to technorati.com and G24, a regularly updated printable version of breaking news for commuters to read on the journey home.’ [3] Additionally more competition has happened. Through its own research, the Guardian has found out that ‘it is perceived as worthy and dull by lapsed readers. Those between 18 and 35 find it old-fashioned, tired, lacking style and too conservative. Over the past ten years 40 per cent of all readers under 35 have deserted the newspaper with female readers providing the greatest hemorrhage 50 per cent have dropped the paper.’ [4] As a result, the Guardian should diversify its market segmentation and try to divert perceptions of the consumers in its strategic plan. To continuously promote the articles to a target market of 18 to 35-year-olds, the Guardian should ensure that the future newspaper can provide appropriate advertising contents to attract target group to sell to advertisers. Decades ago, ‘This is partly down to the fact that the Saturday Guardian is a good product and its readers dont feel the need for a Sunday.’ [5] Furthermore, it should concern the lack of loyalty in the Sunday newspaper market, since the Sunday vouchers has been dropped during promotional campaign. As part of its attempt to stay ahead of a future of declining newspaper sales, the rise of number of obsessed youth and throwaway free newspapers through online contents should consider. 2.2. Relaunching strategies – Agency promotion Another strategy is promoting the brand through free newspaper with DVD and CD. The breaking-news market has been grounded in term of content, volume, target and the frequency of the quality press. Their high growth approaching method will bring with more strategic leverage, not just with DVDs for posh papers. Our relaunch strategy was all about encouraging people to reappraise The Guardian. says Richard Furness, circulation manager for Guardian Newspapers. The two free DVDs on consecutive Saturdays did just that we enjoyed our two highest-ever sales in the history of the newspaper, and our subsequent Saturday sales show that many have stuck with us.[6] Traditionally, newspapers used to facilitate the line with primary sales promotion tools that help to be hit in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) market. Since entertainment becomes a major decision for consumers to purchase a product, DVDs can lead to the right strategy to implement. Its an expensive but extremely good tool. says Dermot McPartlin, director of PD3, the agency that handled The Guardian DVD push. Essentially, the relaunch was a sampling exercise for the new product. The films that were used had a great synergy with the papers brand values and broad consumer appeal. [7] Over the past few years, due to the impacts of the World Wide Web, big newspapers have tried to transpose their brands onto the web. The obvious advantage of the online facility is that the internet can enable marketers to ask readers to register, and as a result, their customers’ concern can be responded quickly. The two-way dialogue could be promptly done and help build a meaningful relationship. When media can be effectively transferred their brand value online, demographics are essentially different from the newspapers with traditional hard copy delivery. Due to the lack of commitment on the part of print publisher, the online content is usually less well thoughtful. Additionally, print publishers have a print view of pricing, which might inhibit the realistic cost per response. Most print publishers have tried to stick to the standard rate. In fact, the newspapers have paid as little of the supposed price; but consumers have not yet realized that they have been overcharged for their online equivalents. However, the Guardian might be not the first title to adopt this template. ‘Heeding the large proportion of ads on newspaper web sites bought as part of cross-media campaigns, the Audit Bureau of Circulation has launched what it calls a Group Product Report, which aims to simplify the process of choosing a cross-media campaign by outlining the audited number of a newspapers print copies, its web sites page impressions and the footfall of any related exhibition.’ [8] The Guardian has made enormous efforts to provide compelling contents to cover all areas. To prove that the Guardian has been committed, will succeed and are succeeding, it should be more popular, both in domestic and international regions. 2.3. Facilitating banners Brand owners need to adjust their internal culture in order to persuade their customers that they have been reborn. They have different degrees of success in adapting when the ground moves beneath their feet. However, cultural difference for a big brand, like the Guardian which has a strong worldwide impact, can cause a steady and slow procedure, rather than a prompt fire remedy. The Guardian seem trapped in its culture, hardcopy print, producing innovative information, but still seems unsuited to a new technology trend, the World Wide Web. Coy about the exact revenue Guardian Unlimited is pulling in, Waldman says: Our revenues are growing very rapidly in all areas of the site, and through all types of advertising from banners and buttons through to e-commerce partnerships and sponsorships. Elaborating this point, Guardian Unlimiteds commercial development manager, Helen Mayor, says: Increasingly offline sales teams like ourselves are looking to mirror the developments and integrated structure of the agencies involved in buying traditional and online. [9] Using both digital and print in a cross-media campaign, the Guardian has tried to run an aggressive competition. The inherent conflict between the media buying community and the promoting sales can cause difficulties to implement. The sales operations in a large organization is gearing up for a cross-media sell, while the media buying operations have focused on expertise in dedicated media division, which specializes exclusively in online content for planning and purchasing. Many media agencies have established their interactive departments in response to what they have perceived, rather than what the real demand could be in the market. ‘The Guardian is to yield to commercial pressures and make people register to visit its Websites. The Guardian, which last week unveiled details of a staffing revamp in its new media division, is to introduce registration on its revamped Websites. The move is intended to improve its appeal to display and classified advertisers.’ [10] The Guardian sales team has determined that although many uncertainties have existed in the marketplace, the Internet is still a relatively new medium. The bold strategic framework to take first step to integrate into both media will help the sales teams feel confident with both media. These strategies might question the competence of the agencies in order to understand and properly facilitate the web as a media channel distribution. 3. Proposals The Guardian has created more original content than any agency in town and has led the way in online publishing. The question is not just about the internet media channel, but the growing part of the Guardian brand. ‘Its hardly surprising, because every day in the UK some 13.5 million national papers are sold, which could easily mean over 20 million people read them. Yet, if predictions from Jupiter Communications prove correct and US trends wend their way to the UK, online advertising will outstrip magazines or radio by 2005.’ [11] Additionally, the Guardian brand management should not think that consumers as people to be targeted, but people to be engaged to work for the brand. Increasing fragmentation, differentiation and proliferation of media channels are arising trends in consumer sovereignty, gained through internet technology. Consumers are establishing their own channels if they could get anything in return, such as customizing products themselves, entertaining and exploring their own world, expressing their voices, knowledge that they are buying social responsible products, or simply just saving their time, creating most convenient means for them; they are willing to pay for and work for that brand. With that concept in mind, the successful brand of the future will be most productive and efficient to facilitate the mix of consumers-employees relationship. Agencies will consider themselves as consultant for brand, which help recruit and engage consumers for ideas, dialogue, gaining consumers’ consents as well. As a result, the Guardian’s research and measurement will need to gain clear insights into the consumer-brand relationship as well as understand the value of consumers-employees. With the current technology trends, consumers can find faster and cheaper ways to get information. In fact, news publishers are challenged to engage and fulfill consumers’ expectations. Thus, the following proposals can help the Guardian engage consumers to ‘work’ for its brand. 3.1. The Guardian should increase C2C (consumer-to-consumer) business and reduce B2C (business-to-consumer) interface. The Guardian should facilitate the concept ‘the word-of mouth’ among key consumers. It should consider ‘consumers as media’. 3.2. It should have more content and dialogue and less advertising. The strength of a dialogue involves mental disciplines. Thus, these dialogues engage the customers to think and to work with the Guardian’s staff to complete the message. This strategy might fascinate the customers to promote message from the Guardian. 3.3. More emotional media should be involved in the circulations. Obviously, the more touching and vivid a story will be, the more likely it is to be remembered. The future will be in branded contact that consumers can choose to involve themselves in voluntarily, as a part of the Guardian. In this environment, the share of employment will be a major impact, not just the share of their voice or raising their opinions. 4. Conclusion Galvanizing itself ahead of technological and social trends is not easy, especially for iconic brand, which tends to navigate in cultural system that defies change. However, without successful product innovation and such progress, the Guardian could risk itself of being cast adrift. Ensuring and enhancing a brand is not just simply washed up the changing tides of technology and society. This is also a key strategic framework, which the Guardian has facilitated. Reference list Kavanagh, Michael 1998, ‘Guardian joins in registration game’, Marketing Week.London, vol.21,no.24, 13 August,p.32 McCann, Paul 1995, ‘Observer strives for fresher image’, Marketing Week, London, vol.18,no.25, p.22 Scott, Jon 2000, ‘Do newspapers deliver online?’ Marketing,London, 21 September,p.43 ‘The Guardian: Thinking ahead’ 2006, Marketing Week,London, 24 August, p.24 Thornton, James 2006, ‘Do quality and giveaways mix?’ Promotions Incentives. London, January,p.25 Page 1 Footnotes [1] McCann, Paul 1995, ‘Observer strives for fresher image’, Marketing Week, London, vol.18,no.25, p.22 [2] ‘The Guardian: Thinking ahead’ 2006, Marketing Week,London, 24 August, p.24 [3] ‘The Guardian: Thinking ahead’ 2006 [4] McCann, Paul 1995 [5] McCann, Paul 1995 [6] Thornton, James 2006, ‘Do quality and giveaways mix?’ Promotions Incentives, London, January,p.25 [7] Thornton, James 2006 [8] Scott, Jon 2000, ‘Do newspapers deliver online?’ Marketing,London, 21 September,p.43 [9] Scott, Jon 2000 [10] Kavanagh, Michael 1998, ‘Guardian joins in registration game’, Marketing Week.London, vol.21,no.24, 13 August,p.32 [11] Scott, Jon 2000

marketing Essay -- essays research papers

Marketing Assignment Product The product I am going to design and develop is a brand extension of REEBOK. I am going to design and develop a REEBOK. Mini-disc player. It will aim at 18-26 year olds. I have chosen this certain age group because of the research carried out. From my research I can conclude that the age groups are interested in owning a mini disk player because of many reasons e.g. style, size, price etc. I have chosen REEBOK. because they are quite popular among the target market I have chosen to aim. REEBOK are among one the well known brands in the world, shortly after NIKE. Consumers are interested to REEBOK products because of their designs, quality and logs. Reeboks prices tend to be a little cheaper then their main competitors Nike, Adidas and Puma. You can see this from the research table below: LOGO PRICE Reebok  £25- £56 Nike  £46- £150 Puma  £28-  £60 Adidas  £35- £55 We can clearly see that Reebok set a price just below the main competitors, this is because they know consumers will want to buy products but still at a cheaper price and still have the satisfaction of buying a good brand name product. Brief history on Reebok Reebok's United Kingdom-based ancestor company was founded for one of the best reasons possible: athletes wanted to run faster. Therefore, in the 1890s, Joseph William Foster made some of the first known running shoes with spikes in them. By 1895, he was in business making shoes by hand for top runners; and before long his fledgling company, J.W. Foster and Sons developed an international clientele of distinguished athletes. In 1958, two of the founder's grandsons started a companion company that came to be known as Reebok, named for an African gazelle. In 1979, Paul Fireman, a partner in an outdoor sporting goods distributorship, spotted Reebok ® shoes at an international trade show. He negotiated for the North American distribution license and introduced three running shoes in the U.S. that year. At $60, they were the most expensive running shoes on the market. By 1981, Reebok's sales exceeded $1.5 million, but a dramatic move was planned for the next year. Reebok would introduce the first athletic shoe designed especially for women; a shoe for a hot new fitness exercise called aerobic dance. The shoe was called the Freestyleâ„ ¢, and with it Reebok anticipated and encouraged three major trends that transformed... ...to try and compete with these two companies there are a number of ways this could happen The factor of Place is not on such a large scale, the outlet is the shop and although products may be offered by post most of the transactions will take place at the shop. However, the customers must in a position in which to offer its services well and easily access the shop. For example, there must be plenty of car parking near by so that the customers can easily access the shop, it should be available to as many customers as possible. The different sorts of sales promotion are I could come up with, if I feel my product is not doing well are : 1. Buy one get one free - this can also be buy one and get something else free. 2. Discounts.- where products are reduced in an effort to sell more. 3. Competitions - used to get people interested in he shop and products. 4. Free gifts – another way to pursued people to buy products. 5. Product trials – allows people to try the products before they buy. 6. Point of sale displays – special displays to promote the products and gain customer awareness. Here is a detailed map of where I am going to place my MD for sale. Sony Centre: Argos: Dixon:

With Detailed Analysis of the Return of the Soldier

Victorian literature superficial beauty is disapproved of, in this case Kitty; who represents the order of pre-war Edwardian England, an order destroyed by the war in the excuse of Chris' illness. West swiftly moves the novel along as Chris slowly retrieves his memory; Kitty Is a very devoted wife who when realizing that Chris has forgotten her and is yearning another, she in turn feels empowered which makes him feel conflicted and confused. He finds comfort and confides in his cousin Jenny who is the first person narrator.HIS shell-shock caused him to go fifteen years back In his memory, and to vive In a time where he was most content and In love with Margaret -? his ex love. It seems that as he retrieves his memory and the more he remembers, the more difficult it becomes for Kitty. The characteristics of shell shock prove it difficult for Margaret, Kitty, and Jenny to come to terms with. West's portrayal of all three women is first person, as West writes of the relationship between Jenny (West herself), Kitty- the wife of Jenny's cousin Chris, and Margaret, who was the love of Chris' life before he went to war.Jenny is portrayed in the novel as being quite poetic, In the sense that she's very aware of her own environment and tauter as references are frequently used such as â€Å"in the old days a fat fist would certainly have been raised to point out the new translucent glories of the rose- buds† (P. II). From Jenny's descriptive interpretations, such as this, it appears as though everything In her life is beautiful. However, as the novel develops we notice that these observations can also be quite dark. As with â€Å"because a lost Zeppelin sometimes clanks like a skeleton across the sky above us† (P. 5) and again with â€Å"All the inhabitants of this new tract of time were his enemies, all its circumstances his prison bars. † (P. 62). It can be said Jenny's prose was reflective of particular moods she was In during the course of the no vel. Jenny Is presented as kind, caring, shrewd and quietly observant, yet wary, perhaps justifiably. Jenny sits in a quandary between FIFO near emotions toward K Ana Margaret. Consequently, seen Tints It problematic Ana resorts to oxymoron's, such as â€Å"He wore a dreadful decent smile† (P. 187) referring to Chris when Margaret presents him with some of his son's belongings.In conclusion to the analysis of Jenny, she is the person in an awkward situation whereby she feels duty-bound to maintain the status-quo between the other parties. In other words, all she really wants is for everyone else to be happy regardless of her own feelings. Jenny as the narrator could be described as the keeper of everyone else's secrets, the trustworthy and dependable character whom people could confide in. Kitty is the second woman in the novel who has a completely different character. Although she doesn't come across as vain, Jenny never ceases to describe Kitty's beauty and appearance.Jenny doesn't fully describe her own true feelings about Kitty which makes it difficult for the reader to fully analyses Kitty's character. Early in Chapter One we are shown how Jenny portrays Kitty and how Jenny is treated by Kitty. It is apparent that Kitty is often quite demanding of Jenny, for example, â€Å"Come here, Jenny. I'm going to dry my hair† (P. 1 1), and on passing Jenny a tortoise-shell hairbrush, â€Å"Give it a brush now and then like a good soul. But be careful. Tortoise snaps so† (P. 12). Kitty almost treats Jenny like a servant, and Jenny is always accommodating.There is no reference made to Kitty ever having done any work, although West makes a strong point about Chris' father having acquired Baldly Court ND after his death Jenny informs us that Chris had Baldly Court re-built. Chris was more than financially capable of managing the property. Throughout the novel Kitty is portrayed by Jenny as being rather selfish, conceited, self-absorbed and contempt uous of the lower classes, which comes to the reader's attention when Kitty encounters Margaret. Jenny herself first Judges Margaret by her appearance â€Å"Her body was long and round and shapely' (P. 5) and â€Å"She was repulsively furred with neglect and poverty, as even a good glove that has dropped down behind a bed in a hotel and has lain undisturbed for a day or two† (P. 5) this represents the class difference but it seems it was Kitty's influence on Jenny's attitude that shaped Jenny's opinion of Margaret at first glance. It's apparent that Kitty is very superficial. Essentially Kitty couldn't understand for the life of her why Chris would want to be with Margaret when such a pretty woman like herself was available for him.The era has a lot to do with the novel, with regard to social status which was very prevalent at the time; a way in which social class is explored in the novel is through Margaret. Even though Margaret is first portrayed as a beggar in the novel i nstead of a sincere Oman with moral principles, Jenny assumed she was groveling and says â€Å"in which this woman butted like a clumsy animal at a gate she was not intelligent enough to open† (P. 31) here Margaret is compared to a dog, useless and inept.Again we see an example of Kitty's attitude towards who she considers to be of lower order where she says Mimi have read in the Harrow Observer or somewhere that my husband is at the front, and you have come to tell this story because you think that you will get some money. Vive read of such cases in the papers. † (P. 33) consequently as a result of Kitty attitude, Jenny felt as indifferent towards Margaret as Kitty did. Margarita's overall demeanor is one of a person who is polite, well-mannered, intelligent, caring, considerate and genuine.As we know Margaret is married as with â€Å"l suppose I ought to say that he isn't right in his head and I'm married-but Oh! † (P. 95). As the novel develops we can see Tana t Margaret Is ten savior AT snarls Ana Trot ten Sleekness AT her heart goes out of her way to be of assistance in his recovery. The class difference is highlighted indirectly when Margaret says cried Margaret, glowing. â€Å"She just have a lovely nature† (P. 96) she had no malice towards Kitty even after Kitty treated her no differently to one of her servants in Baldly Court, and this in effect shows Margarita's sincere nature.Although all three women struggle to understand Chris' predicament, Kitty was proven to be everything the reader interprets her to be, pompous with delusions of grandeur. Conversely, Jenny is the third party balancing between her cousin's wife and his ex lover who innocently sets out to please everyone. Margaret inevitably is concerned for Chris' health and recovery, and is the mediator at the end who suggests presenting Chris with belongings of his dead son, having lost a son herself of the same age as Oliver.Kitty's negative attitude persists through the novel but doesn't affect Margaret. When the items of Chris' dead son are shown to him by Margaret, his distant and cloudy outcome that has been created from his experiences of war suddenly disappear and he is â€Å"cured† of his amnesia and he returns to reality. Along with his recovered memory he puts Margaret in his past and now remembers Kitty as his wife so in turn the emotional interactions of characters in the story change. The irony is that all three women lost a person that they each Ovid in different ways.Keith Douglas Unary 24, 1920 – June 9, 1944), was an English poet who is known for his war poetry during World War II. Undeniably after reading The Complete Poems I get the impression that he has a negative attitude towards women. Additionally from researching his early days it is apparent that his mother struggled financially, and there is no mention of his father. I personally think that after reading about his ex partner Whinnying who refused to take his hand in marriage, and his failed relationship with Millennia Guttered Penny, may well have distorted his view of women which is sometimes reflected in his poetry.A reference to this assumption can be found in the poem ‘Cairo Jag' whereby Douglas is in a brothel and the poem opens with the line, â€Å"Shall I get drunk or cut myself a piece of cake†. His use of the term â€Å"piece of cake† in reference to the prostitutes around him adds to his obvious misogyny. He seems to suggest that women are deluded in thinking they are something they're not and uses very negative language towards them such as the women he sees on the streets of Cairo, â€Å"The women offering their children brown- paper breasts dry and twisted, elongated like the skull, Holiness's signature.At this point the poem sounds more like a rant, as if Douglas is disgusted rather than sympathetic for these women in such a state of poverty. The portrayal of women or in this case â€Å"woman† in an Egyptian Tea Garden, firstly she is seen as a fish. It is said the fish represents Christianity, and that different fish symbolism different things, but the fish in general holds a range of different symbolic meanings including femininity, eternity, happiness, creativity and knowledge. This is the essence of the poem; the fish is how the woman is presented. The poem is about a Dialectal woman Ana near power to seduce Ana annulated men AT any age.Douglas appears to be trying to demonstrate that woman have power too; The author uses metaphors and similes by comparing the woman â€Å"as a white stone† which represents purity, and men as fish â€Å"A cotton magnate/†¦ A crustacean† to show how man's behavior is like that of any other animal species or as conventional as fish. The poem could be arranged into four segments. The first stanza introduces the â€Å"sly' woman and her purposeful position as â€Å"she draws down the fish†. Douglas describes t he woman moving along into section two it is clear that it describes the witnesses which are men, and section three discloses which man she picks.The first section of the poem has a reasonably gentle tone which is maintained through the whole poem, describing a very beautiful woman. The second stanza introduces the second speaker of the poem which is the most â€Å"important fish†. Part two is sarcastic but natural, mixing the duties of the male with oceanic life. The third stanza introduces the men who gaze on the woman's beauty. It has a very strong, bitter undertone. It shows the woman is concerned with the wealth of the man she chooses rather than is beauty or personal qualities.The fourth stanza switches back to the original speaker of the poem and concludes the woman's choice to which one of the men she chooses or does not choose. The manner of the poem varies in the different sections and begins with a most intriguing title- â€Å"Behavior of Fish in an Egyptian Tea-G arden† which sounds somewhat like a documentary and quite disconnected, dry, cold and formal. The tone of the poem is interesting throughout, Douglas uses soft and delicate language in the first section, it consists of seven stanzas of four lines each.

Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley

Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer in feminist thinking and writing. The author gave birth to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley in 1797. Wollstonecraft died soon after childbirth due to a fever. How could this have influenced Shelley’s writings? Although her mother did not live long enough to influence Shelley directly, it is clear that the Wollstonecraft and the ideas of the Romantic era greatly shaped Shelley’s beliefs. The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Wollstonecraft was strongly influenced by Thomas Paine and argued that women deserved equal rights. She saw how her own father treated her mother as property and refused to allow the same future for herself. When she became old enough, she earned a living as a governess but was bored with this work. She wanted to challenge her high intellect. When she was 28, she wrote a semi-autobiographical novel titled Maria. She soon moved to London and became an admired professional writer and editor who wrote about the rights of women and children. In 1790, Wollstonecraft wrote her essay A Vindication of the Rights of Men based on her reaction to the French Revolution. This essay influenced her famous feminist social study A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which she wrote two years later. The work continues to be read in literature and Womens studies classes today. Wollstonecraft experienced two romantic affairs and gave birth to Fanny before falling in love with William Godwin. By November  1796, she became pregnant with their only child, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Godwin and she were married in March of the following year. During the summer, she began writing The Wrongs of Women: or Maria. Shelley was born on August 30 and Wollstonecraft died less than two weeks later. Godwin raised both Fanny and Mary surrounded by philosophers and poets, such as Coleridge and Lamb. He also taught Mary to read and spell her name by having her trace her mothers inscription on the stone. Mary Shelley and Frankenstein With much of the independent spirit that drove her mother, Mary left home when she was 16 to live with her lover, Percy Shelley, who was unhappily married at the time. Society and even her father treated her as an outcast. This rejection influenced her writings greatly. Along with the suicides of Percys estranged wife and then Marys half-sister Fanny, her alienated status inspired her to write her greatest work, Frankenstein. Frankenstein is often referenced as the start of Science Fiction. Legend  claims that Shelley wrote the whole book in one night as part of a competition between herself, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and John Polidori. The aim was to see who could write the best horror story. While Shelleys tale isnt usually classified as a horror it did spawn a new genre mixing moral questions with science.

The American Revolution, an unified movement of colonial forces fighting against the imperial British

The American Revolution, an unified movement of colonial forces fighting against the imperial British The American Revolution has been traditionally studied as a single, unified movement of colonial forces fighting against the imperial British. As well as this descriptphilosophy, mathematics, government and language ion makes for a nice grade school story, it is important to understand that in the course of several years that composed the latter half of the eighteenth century, America underwent two revolutions. These two revolutions were dramatically different, yet uniquley simmilar. The primary revolution, which I will refer to as the Imperial revolution, was simmilar to the old stories of poorly trained colonists facing the largest imperial army in the world, the British. This Imperial revolution was an intense battle that began in the ports of Boston and ended in the fields of Yorktown. While this military battle ensued, a greater cause championed the revolutionary leaders. Early forms of republicanism emerged in the early 18th century when after the collapse of Catholicism, Engli sh philosophers began to reflect upon the first of the great republics in Rome and Greece.The first British attack on Bunker Hill. Shaded ar...This evaluation of the history of these two empires created and propelled republicanism into a revolutionary context. For the first time in modern history, the ideas of the old republics were being studied, evaluated and even practiced. The foundations of republicanism included the emphasis of virtue in society, and the importance of the greater good. These beliefs pioneered the philosophy of the leaders of the American revolution. As the Imperial revolution progress, republicansim began more evident in the justifications for such action. Towards the end of the conflict, the leaders of the revolution began to see their republican cause as a universal cause, that they were endowed with to spread across the world. I argue that Imperial revolution was only one part of the American Revolution, that would be paired...

Biography of Babur, Founder of the Mughal Empire

Biography of Babur, Founder of the Mughal Empire Babur (born Zahir-ud-din Muhammad; February 14, 1483–December 26, 1530) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. His descendants, the Mughal emperors, built a long-lasting empire that covered much of the subcontinent until 1868, and that continues to shape the culture of India to this day. Babur himself was of noble blood; on his fathers side, he was a Timurid, a Persianized Turk descended from Timur the Lame, and on his mothers side he was a descendant of Genghis Khan. Fast Facts: Babur Known For: Babur conquered the Indian subcontinent and founded the Mughal Empire.Also Known As: Zahir-ud-din MuhammadBorn: February 14, 1483 in Andijan, Timurid EmpireParents: Umar Sheikh Mirza and Qutlaq Nigar KhanumDied: December 26, 1530 in Agra, Mughal EmpireSpouse(s): Aisha Sultan Begum, Zaynab Sultan Begum, Masuma Sultan Begum, Maham Begum, Dildar Begum, Gulnar Aghacha, Gulrukh Begum, Mubarika YousefzaiChildren: 17 Early Life Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, nicknamed Babur or Lion, was born into the Timurid royal family in Andijan, now in Uzbekistan, on February 14, 1483. His father Umar Sheikh Mirza was the Emir of Ferghana; his mother Qutlaq Nigar Khanum was the daughter of Moghuli King Yunus Khan. By the time of Baburs birth, the remaining Mongol descendants in western Central Asia had intermarried with Turkic and Persian peoples and assimilated into the local culture. They were strongly influenced by Persia (using Farsi as their official court language), and they had converted to Islam. Most favored the mystic Sufism-infused style of Sunni Islam. Taking the Throne In 1494, the Emir of Ferghana died suddenly and 11-year-old Babur ascended his fathers throne. His seat was anything but secure, however, with numerous uncles and cousins plotting to replace him. Evidently aware that a good offense is the best defense, the young emir set out to expand his holdings. By 1497, he had conquered the famous Silk Road oasis city of Samarkand. While he was thus engaged, however, his uncles and other nobles rose in rebellion back in Andijan. When Babur turned to defend his base, he once again lost control of Samarkand. The determined young emir had regained both cities by 1501, but the Uzbek ruler Shaibani Khan challenged him over Samarkand and dealt Baburs forces a crushing defeat. This marked the end of Baburs rule in what is now Uzbekistan. Exile in Afghanistan For three years, the homeless prince wandered Central Asia, trying to attract followers to help him retake his fathers throne. Finally, in 1504, he and his small army turned to the southeast, marching over the snow-bound Hindu Kush mountains into Afghanistan. Babur, now 21 years old, besieged and conquered Kabul, establishing a base for his new kingdom. Ever optimistic, Babur would ally himself with the rulers of Herat and Persia and try to take back Fergana in 1510 to 1511. Once more, however, the Uzbeks utterly defeated the Mughul army, driving them back to Afghanistan. Thwarted, Babur began to look south once more. Invitation to Replace Lodi In 1521, a perfect opportunity for southern expansion presented itself to Babur. The sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, Ibrahim Lodi, was hated and reviled by his citizens. He had shaken up the military and court ranks by installing his own followers in place of the old guard and ruled the lower classes with an arbitrary and tyrannical style. After just four years of Lodis rule, the Afghan nobility was so fed up with him that they invited the Timurid Babur to come to the Delhi Sultanate and depose him. Naturally, Babur was quite happy to comply. He gathered an army  and launched a siege on Kandahar. The Kandahar Citadel held out for much longer than Babur had anticipated. As the siege dragged on, however, important nobles and military men from the Delhi Sultanate such as Ibrahim Lodis uncle, Alam Khan, and the governor of Punjab allied themselves with Babur. First Battle of Panipat Five years after his initial invitation to the subcontinent, Babur finally launched an all-out assault on the Delhi Sultanate and Ibrahim Lodi in April 1526. On the plains of Punjab, Baburs army of 24,000- mostly cavalry- rode out against Sultan Ibrahim, who had 100,000 men and 1,000 war elephants. Although Babur appeared to be terribly outmatched, he had something that Lodi did not- guns. The battle that followed, now known as the First Battle of Panipat, marked the fall of the Delhi Sultanate. With superior tactics and firepower, Babur crushed Lodis army, killing the sultan and 20,000 of his men. Lodis fall signaled the beginning of the Mughal Empire (also known as the Timurid Empire) in India. Rajput Wars Babur had overcome his fellow Muslims in the Delhi Sultanate (and of course, most were happy to acknowledge his rule), but the mainly-Hindu Rajput princes were not so easily conquered. Unlike his ancestor Timur, Babur was dedicated to the idea of building a permanent empire in India- he was no mere raider. He decided to build his capital at Agra. The Rajputs, however, put up a spirited defense against this new Muslim and would-be overlord from the north. Knowing that the Mughal army had been weakened at the Battle of Panipat, the princes of Rajputana gathered an army even larger than Lodis and went to war behind Rana Sangam of Mewar. In March 1527 at the Battle of Khanwa, Baburs army managed to deal the Rajputs a huge defeat. The Rajputs were undaunted, however, and battles and skirmishes continued all over the northern and eastern sections of Baburs empire for the next several years. Death In the autumn of 1530, Babur fell ill. His brother-in-law conspired with some of the Mughal court nobles to seize the throne after Baburs death, bypassing Humayun, Baburs eldest son and appointed heir. Humayun hurried to Agra to defend his claim to the throne  but soon fell gravely ill himself. According to legend, Babur cried out to God to spare Humayuns life, offering his own in return. On December 26, 1530, Babur died at the age of 47. Humayun, 22 years old, inherited a rickety empire, beset by internal and external enemies. Like his father, Humayun would lose power and be forced into exile, only to return and stake his claim to India. By the end of his life, he had consolidated and expanded the empire, which would reach its height under his son Akbar the Great. Legacy Babur lived a difficult life, always battling to make a place for himself. In the end, however, he planted the seed for one of the worlds great empires. Babur was a devotee of poetry and gardens, and his descendants would raise all kinds of arts to their apogee during their long reign. The Mughal Empire lasted until 1868, at which point it finally fell to the colonial British Raj. Sources Moon, Farzana.  Babur: the First Moghul in India. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1997.Richards, John F.  The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Law - Criminal Profiling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law - Criminal Profiling - Research Paper Example Indeed, it has been increasingly common in light of the perceived threats to the population by Islamic terrorists. Thus, in airplanes, Islamic-looking individuals are subjected to inspections and interviews of an intensity that white people are not normally subjected to. The increasing numbers of crime, and the associations by people that these crimes emanate from race-based communities such as Hispanic communities, are also responsible for the growing trend towards racial profiling. While racial profiling is never really legislated as a policy in its explicit sense, the ever-widening range of methods that a law enforcement officer are allowed to employ allow the use of racial profiling as a legitimate strategy. We now proceed to discussing the costs against the benefits of racial profiling. Those who support racial profiling believe that a utilitarian approach must be taken. The argument is that because it is true that there are crimes which certain racial groups are more predispose d to committing than other racial groups, â€Å"special efforts at crime reduction directed at members of such groups are justified, if not required.† (Risse and Zeckhauser, 2004). ... In contrast, those who are opposed to racial profiling dispute the position that some races have a greater tendency to commit some crimes than others. Indeed, in a study conducted, the officers’ behaviour of racial profiling is not supported by any showing that the criminal acts in the predominantly white community were committed by African Americans (Meehan and Ponder, 2002). Of course, the deeper objection to racial profiling is that it does â€Å"curtail the enjoyment of fundamental human rights by millions of people who belong to racial and ethnic minorities.† (American Civil Liberties Union and Rights Working Group, 2009). The jurisprudence has also tended to support racial profiling. It has been held, for example, that when testing the constitutionality of a vehicle stop, the motivations of a police officer making the stop (e.g., if the motivations were driven by racial bias) are immaterial, the only question is whether or not the officer had cause to effect the s top. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996). The impact on this on racial profiling is very much evident – it basically gives police officers unfettered rights to make stops, even if it targets specific racial or ethnic minorities. In the end, instead of educating the police forces to be race-blind, it condones discrimination on the basis of racial and ethnic differences. The role of geography in profiling predatory criminals Geography plays a major role in the profiling of criminals. Some parts of the world have been stereotyped as providing concentrated numbers of individuals engaged in similar crimes. For example, Latin America is known as a drug cartel haven. Many Americans assume that illicit drugs in the United

Business Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Economic - Essay Example At a general framework, countries measure growth by developments of its gross domestic product (GDP) and by the per capita real GDP (Colander, 2001). The secular growth rate trend of economy is 2.5 to 3.5% and the fluctuations experienced within this trend are called the business cycles that are either at its peak, through, upturn or downturn state (p. 154). Unemployment refers to number of unemployed persons divided by the total number of workforce. Unemployment, whether structural or cyclical, is most felt during economic recession and conversely felt when there are expansions (p. 154). Global Conditions The Internal Monetary Fund (IMF) pointed that recession caused sluggish recovery which morphed countries in an economic quagmire in the 90s to the mid-2000s although hope for growth is placed at European countries. Analysts professed that there is world economic expansion in an annual rate of 51/4% in early part of 2010 however, increasing unemployment remained challenging. There i s also an evident financial setback too, which caused markets instability that consequentially discouraged entry of more investments while there is evident decline of stocks in the market (p. 16). This prompted the European Central Bank’s Securities Markets Program and its European Stabilization Mechanism to initiate fiscal adjustments. IMF further observed that there is reduction of tail risk when Europe redefined their fiscal policies by undergoing adjustments against market demands. It was perceived that if the basic economic weaknesses persist and economic reform is turtle-paced, growth remains uncertain. Further observations denote that while there is increasing activities to improve tax measures, there is also low investments for real estate and slow residential demands amid increasing prices of houses. IMF professed that the quantitative risk is high as distribution of forecasts for the slope of the yield curve is tilted downwards and another upside risks from financia l forecasts toward the second quarter of 2011 (p 45). Macroeconomic Trends in UK As this develops, UK forecasted that its exports will aid growth in the next term. Financial analysts hope that identified downside risks will not happen; that there will be improvement in investment, employment and on consumption. In the last quarter of 2010, UK has employed labor force at 29.157 million based on a survey (HRM Guide, 2011) which resulted to a growth rate of 2.3% for earnings (HRM Guide, 2011) attributable to private sector. But UK’s unemployment rate as of March 2011 pegged at 8.0% and may increase steadily increase toward 2015. CIPD further report serious youth unemployment problem: there is an unemployed 1 person among 8 youths within the age bracket of 16-24 (HRM Guide, 2011). Further, UK officials reportedly spent ?43 billion on debt interest to reduce deficit to stabilize sustained economic growth (HM Treasury, 2010). In a separate development, international trading is seve rely affected with the natural disaster caused by quakes and tsunami affecting Japan which severely damaged properties and lives as well as caused major threat with the impending meltdown of its nuclear power plants. Elsewhere in major areas of the world, e.g.

Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Corporate Finance - Term Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the overall return on equity of the company has experienced a mild increase such that it climbed up to 16.20% in 2008 from 13.69% in 2006. A major factor which boosted such increase in ROE is the rising financial leverage despite the fact that the net profit margin and asset turnover of the company have declined. Thus, it can be concluded that the increase in both net income and equity in all the three years have effectively contributed to the higher return equity ratio of the company. The operating performance of the company is demonstrated by net profit margin. The net profit margin of the company has decreased from 2.36% to 1.91% in the period ranging from 2008-08. Although, the net income of the company has increased considerably, however, net sales of the company, has increased more than that of net income yielding in lower net profit margin. Due to the heavy increase in the total assets of the company, the tota l asset turnover of the company remained quite low as the total assets could not generate the similar level of sales. In three years’ time, asset turnover of the company has reduced from 2.62 times to 1.55 times. Financial leverage of the company has increased significantly because of the increase in total assets and stable equity position of the company. It experienced an increase from 2.21 times to 5.44 times in these three years which is more than double, contributing significantly to the overall return on equity of the company.

Security in E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Security in E-Business - Essay Example Information is a significant business asset for any online enterprise. Therefore, protecting it from other competitors in the market is relevant for a business organization. Security for e-business can suitably protect information from a number of threats while focusing on the following perspectives (â€Å"Protecting†, 2008).  In the age of the Internet, it is quite easy to create, alter and transmit information. Besides, â€Å"the advancement in computing capacity and interconnectivity has presented a situation where small efforts can cause potentially large losses† (Otuteye, 2003). That is why concern for information security is a must for all small and big e-business organizations.  There are numerous ways to attack an e-business setup by various hackers, competitors and even displeased insiders. e-business enterprises should conduct evaluation processes on their technological capabilities including multiple areas (â€Å"Approach to e-business security†, 2 007),  Security in e-business is an ongoing process that has to deal with both existing and new threats. A good security program always ensures continuous improvement. It is without the doubt that security does add to the cost of business at initial phases. But in the long run, it can do tremendously well in saving money, earning a good reputation as well as customers for the company. After all, what matters most at the end of e-business or generally any business enterprise is the trust and credibility one builds and maintains with customers and business partners.

Global Humanitarian Assistance of UAE Research Paper

Global Humanitarian Assistance of UAE - Research Paper Example Abu Dhabi serves as the capital of the United Arab Emirates thus making it the center of the state’s political, industrial and cultural activities. In terms of governance, the United Arab Emirates is a Federal Monarchy while its political system draws its formation from the state’s constitution of 1971, which consists of several intricately related governing bodies (United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2012). In essence, the United Arab Emirates is neither a constitutional monarchy nor a republic as the rulers of each monarchy, emirate, retain supreme power within their emirates but a single president retains supreme power over the entire United Arab Emirates. The emirs of the seven emirates choose one of their members to serve as the president of the entire federation, but the chosen emir retains the monarchial character of the individual emirate he heads. In light of this dispensation, the constitution of the United Arab Emirates solely addresses the relations between the emirates and does not impose a constitutional system of governance. Economically, the United Arab Emirates has an open economy, which boasts of a high per capita income and a sizeable annual trade surplus. The economy of the United Arab Emirates is as well one of the most developed economies in Western Asia with a comparatively high Human Development Index. With the world’s seventh largest oil reserves and the world’s seventh largest reserves of natural gas resources, the United Arab Emirates has a relatively high economy. This strong economic potential has influenced the states increased participation in the delivery of global humanitarian assistance. In this regard, the United Arab Emirates is a major donor of emergency relief to nations affected by conflicts as well as naturals disasters in developing countries. In light of this, this paper seeks to addresses the global humanitarian assistance of the United Arab Emirates expressing the extent to which the United Arab Emirates has engaged in issuing humanitarian assistance across the globe. Global humanitarian assistance of the United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates is a renowned contributor of global humanitaria n aid having translated its global development and humanitarian aid into an instrument of foreign policy. The philosophy underlying this development is the Islamic belief that helping those in need is a primary duty. Consequently, the United Arab Emirates as well believes that part of its wealth derived from oil and gas resources ought to be dedicated to assisting less providential countries and individuals. In light of this, the World Bank in 2010 recognized the United Arab Emirates as one of the world’s most bighearted contributors to global foreign aid. Global Humanitarian Assistance, an organization that scrutinizes the distribution of charitable aid from governments, in its 2010 report included the United Arab Emirates as the first non-European nation in the international top 10 humanitarian aid donors per head of population. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development as well recognized the United Arab Emirates as the fourteenth most generous donor in the globe (Suryatapa, 2010). In essence, the United Arab Emirates is a renowned contributor in global humanitarian aid having undertaken massive humanitarian aid projects in the developing world. The provision of global humanit

Ratio Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Ratio Analysis - Coursework Example Another reason is due to their dismissive approach towards law and regulations. This approach has resulted in an exceptionally good financial performance and efficiencies. Based on the available financial data of Tasso plc all the financial indicators are excellent with the exception of the liquidity. The most important thing in management is to find, evolve and assess involvement into possibilities that may be out there to develop and improve the company’s financial position. In so doing, the management can be able to assess various investment opportunities considering the risk that may be involved and assess the liquidity of the company. It is possible to determine the financial health of a company; this can be done by calculating the company’s financial ratios. Financial ratios are best used as a diagnostic tool to find resources of a financial trouble company. Financial ratios provide a fast and somehow straightforward approach to investigate the financial viability of a company. A ratio easily concerns one number seeming in the economic declarations to some other number seeming in the economic declaration ratios can split up in distinct assembly and each assembly can, at identical time, be sub-divided. In this paper, I will concentrate on liquidity, solvency, W orking capital management, profitability and asset efficient ratios, with this, people will be able to understand Tasso plc. Financial position and be able to appraise it. Liquidity ratios help management to know if the company can be able to undertake the day-to-day operations; this is determined by assessing the cash availability of the company. There are different methods to determine the liquidity of the company one of them is by using the current ratio. Current ratio gives as a quicker way to look at the current assets and current liabilities. They

Security in E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Security in E-Business - Essay Example Information is a significant business asset for any online enterprise. Therefore, protecting it from other competitors in the market is relevant for a business organization. Security for e-business can suitably protect information from a number of threats while focusing on the following perspectives (â€Å"Protecting†, 2008).  In the age of the Internet, it is quite easy to create, alter and transmit information. Besides, â€Å"the advancement in computing capacity and interconnectivity has presented a situation where small efforts can cause potentially large losses† (Otuteye, 2003). That is why concern for information security is a must for all small and big e-business organizations.  There are numerous ways to attack an e-business setup by various hackers, competitors and even displeased insiders. e-business enterprises should conduct evaluation processes on their technological capabilities including multiple areas (â€Å"Approach to e-business security†, 2 007),  Security in e-business is an ongoing process that has to deal with both existing and new threats. A good security program always ensures continuous improvement. It is without the doubt that security does add to the cost of business at initial phases. But in the long run, it can do tremendously well in saving money, earning a good reputation as well as customers for the company. After all, what matters most at the end of e-business or generally any business enterprise is the trust and credibility one builds and maintains with customers and business partners.

Ratio Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Ratio Analysis - Coursework Example Another reason is due to their dismissive approach towards law and regulations. This approach has resulted in an exceptionally good financial performance and efficiencies. Based on the available financial data of Tasso plc all the financial indicators are excellent with the exception of the liquidity. The most important thing in management is to find, evolve and assess involvement into possibilities that may be out there to develop and improve the company’s financial position. In so doing, the management can be able to assess various investment opportunities considering the risk that may be involved and assess the liquidity of the company. It is possible to determine the financial health of a company; this can be done by calculating the company’s financial ratios. Financial ratios are best used as a diagnostic tool to find resources of a financial trouble company. Financial ratios provide a fast and somehow straightforward approach to investigate the financial viability of a company. A ratio easily concerns one number seeming in the economic declarations to some other number seeming in the economic declaration ratios can split up in distinct assembly and each assembly can, at identical time, be sub-divided. In this paper, I will concentrate on liquidity, solvency, W orking capital management, profitability and asset efficient ratios, with this, people will be able to understand Tasso plc. Financial position and be able to appraise it. Liquidity ratios help management to know if the company can be able to undertake the day-to-day operations; this is determined by assessing the cash availability of the company. There are different methods to determine the liquidity of the company one of them is by using the current ratio. Current ratio gives as a quicker way to look at the current assets and current liabilities. They

Carl Gustav Jung Essay Example for Free

Carl Gustav Jung Essay In this essay I will aim to demonstrate an understanding of Jung’s Personality Types by describing and evaluating his theory and show how they might be useful in helping me to determine therapeutic goals. I will also look at some of the criticism levelled at Jung’s theory,I think this allows the therapist,ie myself to better understand the positive from the negative. I am also of the opinion that detailing Jung’s early years and background play am important role in the overall evaluation. I have particular interest in when Jung met Freud and how this meeting of minds shaped or maybe changed their individual conclusions. I will cover this later in my essay. Carl Gustav Jung was born July 26, 1875, in the small Swiss village of Kessewil. His father was Paul Jung, a country parson, and his mother was Emilie Preiswerk Jung. He was surrounded by a fairly well educated extended family, including quite a few clergymen and some eccentrics as well. By the age of just six years old Jung started to learn Latin which started an interest in language and literature, especially ancient literature. Jung read several ancient languages including ‘Sanskrit’ the original Holy Hindu language book. Jung was a distant youth whilst growing up who did not enjoy his schooling years and was not competitive. Jung’s later education was in Basel, Switzerland where he attended boarding school where he found himself the centre of jealous pestering. Carl Jung began to use sickness as an excuse, developing an embarrassing tendency to faint under pressure. Carl Jung’s first career choice was archaeology; Jung went on to study medicine at the University of Basel. Whilst working under the well-known neurologist Krafft-Ebing, he established himself on psychiatry as his career. After graduating, he took a place at the Burghoeltzli Mental Hospital in Zurich under Eugene Bleuler, an expert on schizophrenia. In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach. He also taught classes at the University of Zurich, had a private practice, and invented word association at this time. (internet  search) In 1907 Jung met Freud. Freud would be seduced by the esteem and personality of Jung and would soon see in him the spiritual son that could guarantee the survival of psychoanalysis. The unwillingness of Jung towards the Freudian Theory referred to the role of sexuality in the psychic development. In fact Jung on no occasion completely embraced the sexual theory of Freud. From 1912 onwards Jung found himself more and more distant from Freud’s writings. By abandoning the winding and indirect of Psycho-sexuality, Jung would launch himself in the fields of spirituality and science which was understood by only an initiated few. Jung’s inner world became something for him to study and develop his theories on and during this time Jung evolved the goal of his psychology of individuation, which is the achievement of the self and other guide marks, such as the archetypes, the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory stresses the importance of understanding our personal unconsciousness (events, feeling, behaviour patterns that we have buried in our subconscious from our own direct past) and the collective unconscious (patterns, trends, traits, behaviours that all humans have no matter what background or culture have running through our lives). Whereas Freud believed the unconscious was suppressed by the human mind. Jung in the other hand believed the unconscious mind was where the conscious mind had its origins and where our psyche begins or is created from. Balance was the key for Jung, which he believed the balancing of the two sides is what drives us humans ‘towards’ or ‘away’ from goals. The foundation of the mind that consisted of the EGO (who we think we are); the SHADOW (the part of us that we deny or do not acknowledge) was developed by Jung. He continued to believe our mind was constantly developing or moving towards our true self (individuation) and this journey was fuelled by natural laws, the principles of opposites, that every aspect of our mind has an opposite force. The principle of equivalence that equal amounts of energy are given to both sides, and the principle of entropy, that everything natural winds down as energy is evenly distributed, eventually with the opposing side blending together creating a harmony. Jung believed that our  mind’s voyage followed a repeating in the ‘rites of passage’ for birth, marriage and death, mirrored throughout all cultures and peoples. Jung believed that this drive to move towards a state if harmony or individuation, was fundamentally important to us all. Jung spent a good deal of time and energy on the importance of dreams and getting to understand what their meanings meant to each individual. Jung believed that by understanding the imageries within our dreams we would benefit a better knowledge of ourselves. He indicated that dreams should not be interpreted too accurately, but considered for finding personal meanings in the imaginary or symbolism. Jung also recognised and identified two opposites of personality; 1. INTROVERSION 2. EXTROVERSION Introversion – when psychic energy is turned inwards towards our inner world. These people tend to be thoughtful people with reserved natures, preferring their own company and evading large groups, they may be cautious and uncertain, disliking change or new things, they may seem defensive and they like privacy and personal space and spend a lot of time in contemplation. Extreme forms of introversion have similar qualities to autism and some forms of schizophrenia. Extroversion – is when the movement of energy is turned outwards towards the outside world. An extroverted person would show interest in the outside world, they will be objective and frank with helpful and easy-going personalities, they like action and people around them, extreme versions of extroverts would be hopeless alone and not able to bear silence or solitude, needing continuous excitement and external inspiration to prevent boredom or unhappiness. Jung also identified four different functions (attitudes) of the mind; THINKING – when a person connects to the world via reason and intelligence. These types will have thinking searching minds, always questioning. They  will be good at judging things able to see the origin and results, and will reach logical decisions. They may be open and appear cool and detached emotionally, and will be good at adjusting to new situations. FEELING – when a person makes worth decisions about the world based on how they feel about something, putting ideas, points, and issues in order based on how they assess them and not on emotional feelings. Feeling people have a sturdy sense of traditional values and human connection is significant to them as they tend to be warm and creative. SENSATION – when a person relies sensory impressions – perceptions. These people rely on sensory impressions, how certain things appear, feel and sound. They tend to be mentally and emotionally stable people, taking things at face value, they can be seen as dull and boring which often be easy going and fun, with a calm nature. INTUITION – when the world is understood or interpreted in a particular way mainly through the unconscious – when people speak of having a hunch, gut feeling or instinct about something, this type of person is conscious of changes. Possibilities can appear distracted or ungrounded; they will get bored of uninterested or boring details which are often not practical. They can be creative and inspirational. Jung believed that a person is essentially an introvert or an extrovert and this remains equally fixed, however, an individual will rely mainly on functioning using one of these four modalities but that opposing function also had an impression on their relationships and behaviour and these functions may adjust throughout life. He combined two attributes and the four functions to eight different psychological types. Jung understood that most people are a blend of two or more types, and that understanding how your own personality type and that of people around you related to the world would offer a deeper understanding of yourself. For example; bringing you closer to individuation. Jung trusts that we understand and recognised the strengths and weaknesses of our mind; that we would improve and achieve balance. The functions and attitudes are also not fixed with one side of the  pair leading, the other becomes unconscious. Jung believed that the unconscious part then finds a way of ex pressing its hidden self. A person’s conscious orientation will be towards one of the four functions; the leading or principle function – this will decide how you respond to experiences. 1.The dominant or principle function – this will determine how you react to experiences. 2. Auxiliary functions – mainly conscious. 3. The opposite auxiliary – suppressed and partially unconscious. 4. Remaining generally unconscious Jung believed when the conscious function was solid there was a trend for the opposing function to break through into the conscious occasionally in the form of hysteria, phobias and obsessions. He believed in order to achieve balance one must work with the repressed function in therapy which in this case has echoed Freud’s theory on repressed feelings and emotions surfacing unconsciously. These combinations of psychological types, Jung formulated into eight types, combining the two attitudes with the four functions; Extroverted and Introverted 1.Thinking Type, 2.Feeling Type, 3.Sensation Type, 4.Intuitive Type The above generalisation was Jung’s way of providing a structure in order to begin and to understand individual’s behaviours and feelings. Although these types are still current they form the basis of personality or psychometric testing (Myers-Briggs) which is still in use today. I believe the significance of this information is that it is an opening point from which to discover and explore our own or clients mind using a structure. Jung maintains that psychological types are mostly inborn and not acquired through life’s experiences. I concur with this belief, However, Jung  recognised that personality types were influenced as a child advances through life by factors such as parents and the amount of influence each parent has over a child, and social factors such as school, peer groups surroundings. Jung also believed problems (mental ill health) arose when external influences forced children into a pattern that goes against the natural energy flow of a person’s mind or psychological type. As with Freud, most of the theories of early pioneers are quite impossible to prove or test due to no scientific way of measuring them. Also the amount of patients used was in very small numbers and little practical work was done. Jung’s work has given foundations to many modern psychologies including theories to develop and explore further and deeper, including words that have been accepted by the modern language. For example; * Psyche * Extrovert * Introvert * Archetype These are parallels with other great psychologies – Freud, as I already mentioned and discussed, and the work of Hans Eysenck a more modern theorist. Eysenck was the first psychologist to make this trait or temperament business into something more mathematical: he gave long lists of adjectives to hundreds of thousands of people and used a special statistics called factor analysis to figure out what factors trait dimensions carry the most weight. He took results of this work and created a test called the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) instead of making these traits either-or, like Jung did, he saw them as dimensions. His first trait dimension was, like Jung, ‘extraversion-introversion’. But rather than say you were one or the other (an I or an E), he provided you a score on extraversion-introversion. Eysenck based his theories on Galen, an ancient Greek theory which was created around two thousand BC. It is one of the oldest personality theories around. Eysenck added on the two basic dimensions of temperament (like Jung) and these were based on four types (unscientifically based on the types of fluids he believed were washing  around the individuals body) a sanguine type, cheerful, optimistic and easy to be with, choleric, quick, hot tempered and aggressive. A phlegmatic type temperament, slow people who had a tendency to be sad, depressed and have a negative view of the world. Much simpler and much less sophisticated than Jung’s theory; Eysenck expands this into three dimensions of personality; 1. Introversion extroversion 2. Neuroticism emotional 3. Stability and psychoticism With five further subdivisions; 1. extroversion 2. agreeableness 3. conscientiousness 4. neuroticism 5. openness The theme of four (opposing) forces repeats throughout cultures and across time, North, South, East and West, Earth, Fire, Wind and Air. In religion(used my own as my example!) we see recurrences of types, for example; The Father The Son The Holy Ghost or the Virgin Mother The Crone Archetypal images we can recognise and begin to understand. These theories have a degree of objectivity, whilst they may give different labels to the personality types there does seem to be agreement that you begin to understand individuals if you can assess basic similar categories or repeating personality traits. Like Jung’s theory, and the teachings in the Bible (parables) perhaps these theories have value as a way of forming a framework for us to ask question, and discovering more of ourselves. CONCLUSION Jung believed each personality type or psyche was influenced by another, it is logical to assume that in all human relationships, mainly within an analyst/patient relationship, the analyst may encourage the patient so a subjective conclusion or true individuation may not be achievable. I feel it is important to recognise as Jung did that these types are not fixed and that a person’s personality or psyche changes throughout life and that energy flows and fluctuates between the opposing sides of our psyche so we understand that a person does not fit neatly into one of the boxes. Jung created this structure or framework to help work towards understanding of our own psyches and how better to relate to the world and people around us. Understanding how a person or patient feels, reacts and relates is obviously the first step to the beginning to help them. Being able to plan a patient’s healing journey will be more effectively tailored to them if we have a good understanding of why they think or feel the way they do and help them to understand this too. Jung believed that in order to heal, people need to learn to listen to messages from the unconscious mind, to follow their own path and think independently, and that in order to become a competent analyst you must ‘first understand yourself’ in order to efficiently help a client and to determine therapeutic goals,This is an ongoing journey of self discovery which this course is bringing out in me. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chrysalis – Diploma in psychotherapeutic counselling – year two – Module Three Carl Jung Resources, 2014 http://www.carl-jung.net/ What Freud really said – David Stafford-Clark WWW.Philosophy.lander.edu (Internet research) Wikipedia (Internet) Carl Jung – Dr. C. George Boeree http://worldtracker.org/media/library/Psychology/Boere Hans Eysenck – Dr. C. George Boeree http://worldtracker.org/media/library/Psychology/Boere Introducing Jung a graphic guide – Maggie Hyde Michael McGuinness Personality Types: Jung’s Model of Typology – Darl Sharp

Organic Chicken Farming Advantages And Disadvantages Environmental Sciences Essay

Organic Chicken Farming Advantages And Disadvantages Environmental Sciences Essay One of the main goals of organic chicken farming is self sufficiency. Taking responsibility from beginning to end of the life cycle of chickens, and creating a more sustainable farm is one of their missions. Organic chicken have been found to have fewer toxins than commercially raised poultry which often contains hormones, antibiotics, and trace amounts of pesticides (Wozniak 2010). Organic farms use brooders; chicken tractors, organic feed, as well as the Government Districts provided the basic equipment needed to do the processing. The District purchases a set of Kill Cones, a Scalder and a Plucker from the Featherman Company to rent out to small farmers for on farm use, and we were the first farm that used this equipment. When analyzing the advantages of organic poultry, flavor, nutrients, and lack of chemicals being present tend to outweigh the price change. Many aspects about meat quality are also taken into consideration when processing organic chicken. Many things need to be i dentified such as; age at slaughtering, physical activity, pasture intake, and genetic strains (Castellini 2008). The chickens at the majority of organic farms are not given any growth hormones or antibiotics. This process is creating new awareness about commercially raised chicken, which may also be exposed to contaminants, like heavy metals, which appear in some commercial chicken food (Fakayode 2003). Health risks for commercially raised chickens compared to organically grown locally processed chickens, is prevalent throughout our food industry, and farms need to take action. Introduction Organic chicken farming is seen as more beneficial than other forms of organic meat production because the animals take up less space and grow to large sizes relatively quickly. Organic chicken is raised without antibiotics due to hormones being illegal in the United States. The health of your chicken flock is more difficult to keep up with due to the lack of drugs to speed development. Organic feed costs more than conventional feed, but organic chickens are sold for higher prices. The good outweighs the difficulties when it comes to organic chicken raising and processing. The use of organic feed, has been produced without chemicals and has not had any chemicals that were applied for at least three years. The price increases for organic chickens are due to the cost of feed, production, and labor needed for processing and the extra care that is used for organic chickens. The materials used for disinfecting livestock facilities should be non-synthetic or they should be on the National List and consistently used with any restrictions. Currently, the only synthetic equipment and facility cleaners allowed in organic farms are chlorine products such as sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide; hydrogen peroxide, and phosphoric acid. Organic food production has increased 20% a year, which is far ahead of the rest of the industry, all over the world (Fakayode 2003). Methods Organic Chicken Processing begins with an area called a brooder. A brooder is a heated container that can have its temperature controlled in at least one area. It is used to confine chickens with their feed and water until six weeks old then placed outside. After six weeks old the broiler chickens are taken and transferred into chicken tractors which are made out of all recycled material, and includes recycled corrugated plastic roofing. With half of the roof open and the other half plastic roofing, it allows the chickens to be protected from weather conditions. The enclosed box is without a floor, a bell drinker is used for water, and chicken feeders are placed along the tractor, under the enclosed area. Chickens are fed twice a day organic grain blend. These chicken tractors keep chickens protected from predators such as, coyote, raccoons, and owls. It also allows chickens to fertilize the pastures. They are placed on a strict rotation schedule of two to three times a day rotation to clear grass areas. The pen is then moved two times a day so that the chickens manure will be spread out more and wont kill the grass as easily. It will also allow the chickens more fresh grass. A special dolly is placed under one of the 10ft. sides. The pen is then pulled from the opposite end. A wire with a piece of cut garden hose on it is attached to the bottom board at each of the corners of the 10ft. side. The person then lifts up the end of the pen with the wire, holding on to the garden hose and pulls the pen with the makeshift dolly 12ft. until the back edge of the pen is where the front end was before moving. On farm slaughter is truly a process, requiring specialized equipment, planning and hard work. The Pierce County Conservation District provides organic farms of the area basic equipment needed to continue with the processing. The District purchases Kill Cones, Scalder, and a Plucker from the Featherman Company to rent out to small farmers for on farm use. The proces sing begins with inserting the chickens head down into the kill cones, grasping the head and cutting the carotid arteries to efficiently bleed the chickens. The next step is hanging the birds two at a time on the dunker and scalded them in 150F water to loosen the feathers. A 5-7 second dunk into the dunker allows for the feathers to be pulled out by hand without resistance. The birds are then placed into the plucker, which looks like a washing machine, and it plucks them clean. The last steps are; cutting the feet off, pull off head, eviscerate, rinse and chill the birds. Refrigerate the birds and freeze them in gallon bags. Results Organic farming allows for the earths increasing population to contribute to a healthy, happy, and natural world. The variation of benefits that are created when farming organically, create positive aspects for the direct species and the environment. The recycling of organic wastes as soil additions is especially promoted in sustainable agricultural farming systems. Due to the area the chickens are raised in, we as consumers depend on organic meat quality, which is easily determined. There are many things that need to be identified such as; age at slaughtering, physical activity, pasture intake, and genetic strains (Castellini 2008). Organic food production is extremely regulated industry, different than that of private gardening. Special certification is used in order to market food as organic within state borders. Some certifications allow for certain amounts of chemicals and pesticides to be used so consumers need to the standards of organic in there area. Commercial chicken has t he possibility of being exposed to heavy metals and other contaminants (Fakayode 2003). Organic chicken meat has many positive aspects that come along with it. Organic meat has been found to have a shorter shelf life and have less fat content compared to traditionally raised and commercially processed chicken (Lewis et al. 1997). The variety of additions that are found in commercially raised poultry include hormones, antibiotics, and various amounts of pesticides, all that could affect a populations health (Wozniak 2010). This creates an increase in the health effects for organic chicken and allows for the absence of chemicals into our systems. Health can also be negatively affected if the organic chicken is raised improperly, and could possibly carry a higher case of salmonella. Health risks that are associated with commercially raised chickens and the antibiotics that are used on them, have been shown with research to increase risk of cancer, onset of puberty, and germ resistance in some people (Salter 2010). On organic farms, soil fertility is maintained mainly with organic matter from animals that are present, in contrast to conventional farmers who use fresh manure, chemical fertilizers, and large amounts of pesticides. Organic chicken has many different flavors due to the lack of these pesticides and fertilizers. There is also more flavor in chicken thats not commercially produced, it tends to be tenderer and have more complex flavors (Castellini 2006). The benefits outweigh the costs of creating an organic farm. Some issues revolving around organic chicken have been found to have more fat than protein in some farms due to type of organic food intake (Wang 2010). Enhancement of biodiversity through organic farming should not be assumed to be perfect; the benefits may be offset by crop type, organic management practices and the specific habitat requirements in the surrounding landscape. Due to the large varieties of organic farming practices each farm has its own requirements based on state issued regulations. Cost is also of issue due to the high prices of feed grain for organic chicken and this in turn is causing an increase in chicken prices at markets. Organic chicken has many health benefits and also some disadvantages to consumers. These issues are thoroughly being researched in the environmental world, and will continue to break new ground. Cost, production, and handling techniques are all measured and calculated in order to show the known advantages of organic farms processing chickens. Sustainability is an important issue to organic farms and with fully processing chickens it will create a circle of balance between the chicken egg all the way up until it is processed.